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Modern readers of the Book of Mormon might wonder a bit at
the precociousness of some of the military leaders. Moroni "was only
twenty and five years old when he was appointed chief captain over the armies
of the Nephites." (Alma 43:17). Mormon says that when he was "fifteen
years of age" (Mormon 1:15), "the people of Nephi appointed me that I
should be their leader, or the leader of their armies. Therefore it came to
pass that in my sixteenth year I did go forth at the head of an army of the
Nephites" (Mormon 2:1–2).
Other leaders were
also young. The text reports that "Moroni yielded up the command of his
armies into the hands of his son, whose name was Moronihah" (Alma 62:43)
in the thirty-second year of the reign of the judges (see Alma 62:39). Moroni
was twenty-five in the eighteenth year (Alma 43:3-4, 17) just fourteen years
earlier. Even if we assume that Moronihah was born when Moroni was fifteen,
Moronihah could not have been more than twenty-four when he took over command
of all the armies.
On the one hand, mortality
rates in the ancient world were significantly higher than they are now. So
individuals simply had to take over responsibilities at an earlier age. On the
other hand, there may have been a cultural factor at play as well.
Bernardino de Sahagun
reports the custom among the Aztecs of sending young men to live in a
"young men's house" (tepuchcali):
And when [he was] yet an untried youth, then they took him
into the forest. They had him bear upon his back what they called logs of
wood--perchance now only one, or, then, two. Thus they tested whether perhaps
he might do well in war when, still an untried youth, they took him into
battle. He only went to carry a shield upon his back.
And when [he was]
already a youth, if mature and prudent, if he was discreet in his talking, and
especially if [he was] of good heart, then he was made a master of youths; he
was named tiachcauh. And if he became valiant, if he reached manhood, then he
was named ruler of youths (telpochtlato). He governed them all; he spoke for
all the youths. If one [of them] sinned, this one judged him; he sentenced [the
youths] and corrected them. He dealt justice.
And if he was brave,
if he took four [captives] then he attained [the office of] commanding general,
[or] chief. (Fray Bernardino de Sahagun, Florentine Codex 3, appendix 5, in
Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, Florentine Codex [Santa Fe, NM:
The School of American Research, 1952], 4:53.)
While Sahagun is writing about Aztecs, not Nephites, and
about customs of a much later time, we do not know how far back the customs
stretch. The custom, however, provides a plausible parallel for how a man could
rise to be a commanding officer at an early age.
